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Global trends in milk quality: implications for the irish dairy industry
More SJ
Irish Veterinary Journal , 2009, DOI: 10.1186/2046-0481-62-s4-s5
Abstract: The quality of Irish agricultural product will become increasingly important with the ongoing liberalisation of international trade. This paper presents a review of the global and Irish dairy industries; considers the impact of milk quality on farm profitability, food processing and human health, examines global trends in quality; and explores several models that are successfully being used to tackle milk quality concerns. There is a growing global demand for dairy products, fuelled in part by growing consumer wealth in developing countries. Global dairy trade represents only 6.2% of global production and demand currently outstrips supply. Although the Irish dairy industry is small by global standards, approximately 85% of annual production is exported annually. It is also the world's largest producer of powdered infant formula. Milk quality has an impact on human health, milk processing and on-farm profitability. Somatic cell count (SCC) is a key measure of milk quality, with a SCC not exceeding 400,000 cells/ml (the EU milk quality standard) generally accepted as the international export standard. There have been ongoing improvements in milk quality among both established and emerging international suppliers. A number of countries have developed successful industry-led models to tackle milk quality concerns. Based on international experiences, it is likely that problems with effective translation of knowledge to practice, rather than incomplete knowledge per se, are the more important constraints to national progress towards improved milk quality.
Direct and indirect effects of Johne's disease on farm and animal productivity in an Irish dairy herd
EKB Richardson, SJ More
Irish Veterinary Journal , 2009, DOI: 10.1186/2046-0481-62-8-526
Abstract: Johne's disease (JD), also called paratuberculosis, is caused by infection with the organism Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis (MAP), leading to chronic diarrhoea and ill thrift in adult cattle [6]. Typically, animals are infected as calves, but do not present with clinical signs until much later in life. Studies on JD are difficult due to long incubation period, complex exposure factors and poor test sensitivity associated with this disease [7,15,10]. Johne's disease is considered to adversely affect farm performance and as a result, economic profit. Currently, little data are available about the impact of JD on farm production in Ireland. Based on international studies, JD infection is associated with reduced milk production [15], increased involuntary culling rates [19] and increased calving interval and infertility [14,20]. Concern has been raised over potential links between Johne's disease in cattle and Crohn's disease in humans, which may lead to international barriers to trade in milk and milk products, including infant formula. This is of particular relevance to Ireland, noting concerns about MAP in raw milk [18], and the significant share (15%) Ireland has in the world powdered infant formula market [1]. This paper aims to describe the impact of JD on an Irish commercial dairy herd, and the effect of animal JD status on several measures of production. The history of the JD outbreak on this farm, including its impact on farm income, has been documented previously [3]. Farm performance prior to the disease outbreak was in the upper quartile of its peer group of milk monitored herds.This retrospective case study was undertaken on a single commercial dairy herd (the 'case herd') located in the province of Munster in Ireland. The case study is an investigation of the effect of Johne's disease on production in the herd confirmed. The Munster region in the south west of Ireland is the country's premier dairy area: in 2006, 61% of dairy calves in Ireland w
Trends in cow numbers and culling rate in the Irish cattle population, 2003 to 2006
P Maher, M Good, SJ More
Irish Veterinary Journal , 2008, DOI: 10.1186/2046-0481-61-7-455
Abstract: Cows are the main economic production units of Ireland's cattle industry. Therefore, demographic information, including overall numbers and survival rates, are relevant to the Irish agricultural industry. However, few data are available on the demographics of cows within a national population, either in Ireland or elsewhere, despite the recent development of comprehensive national cattle databases in many EU Member States. Previous studies of culling in Ireland have focused on small numbers of animals in well-managed herds with good on-farm records. Studies by Crosse and O'Donovan [10] and Crosse et al. [9] were directed more at the 'reasons' for culling in well-managed dairy herds. A similar approach has generally been described in published studies from other countries.The policy environment throughout the European Union may affect culling decisions. In 2003, reforms to the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) led to the introduction of direct payments and the principle of decoupled support [3]. Decoupled payments are typically based on the historical use of an input like land so benefits are capitalised into the value of the asset, benefiting the owner of the land, and in Ireland the vast majority of 'owners' are the actual farmers of the land. It is widely anticipated that decoupling will decrease cattle numbers over time. The national movement database (the Cattle Movement Monitoring System, CMMS), proves an opportunity to investigate the demographics of cows within the national herd. Summary information from this database have been prepared annually [5-8], including figures for slaughter and on-farm deaths. However, to this point, these relate to the full population but not separately for cows. Using CMMS, this study has sought: to determine the rate of cow culling from the national herd; to determine the rate of culling by type (dairy, beef), age, method of exit, date of exit and interval between last calving and exit; to calculate the national cow on-farm mortal
An all-island approach to mapping bovine tuberculosis in Ireland
G McGrath, D Abernethy, L Stringer, SJ More
Irish Veterinary Journal , 2009, DOI: 10.1186/2046-0481-62-3-192
Abstract: Despite ongoing control efforts, bovine tuberculosis (TB; caused by Mycobacterium bovis infection) remains an important public and animal health issue throughout the island of Ireland, which includes the jurisdictions of Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. In Northern Ireland, the control of TB commenced in 1935, with the slaughter of clinically affected animals, and a compulsory eradication scheme was established in 1959 [1]. In Ireland, an eradication programme commenced in 1954 [15]. These programmes are each currently directed by several European Union Directives, including European Council Directive 64/432 (including successive amendments and corrigenda), which provides detailed information about intra-community trade in bovine animals for breeding, production or slaughter, including, with relevance to bovine TB:？ The definition of an 'officially TB-free herd' and the circumstances under which this herd-based status is retained, suspended or withdrawn;？ How a MS (or region of a MS) can achieve officially TB-free status, and the circumstances under which this area-based status is retained, suspended or revoked; and,？ The rules relating to intra-community trade, including health certificate and checks on origin and destination [2,26].In both Ireland and Northern Ireland, there is substantial laboratory and epidemiological input into the eradication programme [10,25,11,7]. There have been similarities, but also differences, in eradication measures for bovine tuberculosis in Northern Ireland (north) and the Republic of Ireland (south) [3,4,1,15], which share a lengthy common border. Cattle-related measures are similar in both jurisdictions, focusing on surveillance (the detection of new cases, through field and factory surveillance) and control (the resolution of existing cases, through herd restriction, reactor removal, ongoing testing, etc.). During the 1950s and early 1960s throughout the island, progress in these programmes was good, leading to a subs
The structure and regulation of the Irish equine industries: Links to considerations of equine welfare
J Collins, A Hanlon, SJ More, V Duggan
Irish Veterinary Journal , 2008, DOI: 10.1186/2046-0481-61-11-746
Abstract: The equine industries in Ireland have been vibrant and growing. Total Thoroughbred (TB) horse sales at public auction in Ireland grew in value by 31.5% in one year alone from €145,626 in 2005 to €191,463 in 2006. The numbers of TB foals registered and horses returned in training has grown by 17.5% (from 10,214 to 12,004) and 22% (from 9,080 to 11,109), respectively, over the five years to 2006 [25]. In contrast, in 2007 as compared to 2006, although there has been a further 9.7% increase in the numbers of horses returned in training (from 11,109 to 12,188), there has been a 7% decrease (from a record €189.4 million in 2006) in the value of bloodstock sales at public auction [26]. This latter figure is sensitive indicator of current confidence in the market for young horses, and thus future trends for older animals. There are an estimated 27.5 sports/leisure horses per thousand people (the most horse-dense population in Europe), highlighting the importance of equestrianism in Ireland [23].The role of animal welfare within the equine industries has gained increasing prominence internationally. Animal use is generally accepted by society, provided that the benefits associated with this use do not outweigh harm to the animals. When we use animals, we take on a moral obligation towards those animals [7,52]. This duty of care is informed by legislative provisions, codes of practice and guidelines aimed at safeguarding the health and welfare of animals. The aim of this paper is to describe the organisation of the equine industries in Ireland and examine how these structures relate to equine welfare concerns.There are two broad sectors within the Irish equine industry. The majority of TB horses in Ireland are bred for racing - non-TB horses cannot be so used - and a discrete structure can be identified for the TB racing sector. Sports horses are defined as those of all breeds and types used for recreational and competitive purposes other than racing [22]. The discussion her
A review of Ireland's waterbirds, with emphasis on wintering migrants and reference to H5N1 avian influenza
O Crowe, J Wilson, I Aznar, SJ More
Irish Veterinary Journal , 2009, DOI: 10.1186/2046-0481-62-12-800
Abstract: The wetlands of northwest Europe are internationally important for millions of waterbirds, both resident and migratory. During summer months, waterbirds migrate to these wetlands to breed, whereas in winter, northern and boreal-nesting species migrate to these wetlands, either to overwinter or on passage to wintering grounds further south. Other waterbirds are year-round residents. Ireland plays a critical role in the ecology of these waterbirds, given its strategic location (on a major flyway), its mild (generally ice-free) climate and abundance of wetlands [2]. An understanding of waterbird ecology is important to disease epidemiology, noting the role of these birds in the maintenance and spread of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) [17]. As yet, however, the role of waterbirds in the epidemiology of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 of Asian lineage remains unclear and developing. The current outbreak of HPAI H5N1 was first detected in China in 1996 [18], and has subsequently appeared in many countries in Asia, Europe and Africa [12]. Ongoing studies are highlighting substantial differences in the behaviour of HPAI H5N1 and previous AI viruses, suggesting that the H5N1 virus is in rapid evolution [19]. These differences include direct transmission of H5N1 viruses from birds to humans, transmission predominantly via the respiratory route, increased thermal stability and varying pathogenicity in waterfowl.Within the European Union, co-ordinated measures have been developed to prevent and control avian influenza in poultry. Influenza surveillance in both poultry and wild birds has been increased, and import bans are placed on susceptible imports from third countries with H5N1 outbreaks [9]. Ireland has developed a range of relevant measures, including a contingency plan and ongoing risk assessments [5].Detailed information has recently been prepared on Ireland's waterbirds [2]. As yet, however, a review of this material has not been prepared, nor is i
An outbreak of tuberculosis affecting cattle and people on an Irish dairy farm, following the consumption of raw milk
P Doran, J Carson, E Costello, SJ More
Irish Veterinary Journal , 2009, DOI: 10.1186/2046-0481-62-6-390
Abstract: Bovine tuberculosis (TB; infection with Mycobacterium bovis) has been an ongoing problem in Ireland for many years. Prior to national control measures, disease in cattle was common. From 1929 to 1938, it was estimated that gross pathology consistent with tuberculosis was present in 31-33% of cattle slaughtered at the city abattoirs in Dublin [7]. A national eradication programme commenced in 1954, in part as a consequence of public health concerns, leading to a substantial reduction in disease prevalence by the mid 1960s [16]. Although subsequent progress has slowed, herd incidence has remained at approximately 5% for some years. The eradication programme is complex [16], but includes annual testing of all Irish cattle with the single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin (SICCT) test.There have been substantial changes in the epidemiology of human tuberculosis in Europe, including Ireland. Throughout the 19th and early 20th century, a substantial proportion of human tuberculosis cases were caused by infection with M. bovis [19], generally linked to the consumption of raw cows' milk [8,17]. In recent years, however, human infection with M. bovis has become very uncommon, accounting for between 1% and 4% of culture-confirmed tuberculosis cases (that is, cases attributed to infection with organisms of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, of which M. bovis is a member) in Ireland between 2000 and 2004 [12,3]. Spillover of infection from cattle to people remains an ever-present possibility, given the ongoing pool of infection in the Irish cattle population. This paper describes an outbreak of tuberculosis affecting cattle and people on a dairy farm in 2005, following the consumption of raw milk from a cow with tuberculous mastitis.The 41 ha. farm ('the case farm') was located in the south east of Ireland. It was divided into four non-contiguous fragments, including three (Fragments 1, 2 and 4), which were grazed by cattle each spring and summer (Figure 1). A fi
Farm management factors associated with bulk tank somatic cell count in Irish dairy herds
Kelly PT,O'Sullivan K,Berry DP,More SJ
Irish Veterinary Journal , 2009, DOI: 10.1186/2046-0481-62-s4-s45
Abstract: The relationship between bulk tank somatic cell count (SCC) and farm management and infrastructure was examined using data from 398 randomly selected, yet representative, Irish dairy farms where the basal diet is grazed grass. Median bulk tank SCC for the farms was 282,887 cells/ml ranging from 82,209 to 773,028 cells/ml. Two questionnaires were administered through face-to-face contact with each farmer. Herd-level factors associated with bulk tank SCC were determined using linear models with annual somatic cell score (i.e., arithmetic mean of the natural logarithm of bulk tank SCC) included as the dependent variable. All herd level factors were analysed individually in separate regression models, which included an adjustment for geographical location of the farm; a multiple regression model was subsequently developed. Management practices associated with low SCC included the use of dry cow therapy, participation in a milk recording scheme and the use of teat disinfection post-milking. There was an association between low SCC and an increased level of hygiene and frequency of cleaning of the holding yard, passageways and cubicles. Herd management factors associated with bulk tank SCC in Irish grazing herds are generally in agreement with most previous studies from confinement systems of milk production.
Herd and within-herd BoHV-1 prevalence among Irish beef herds submitting bulls for entry to a performance testing station
L O'Grady, R O'Neill, DM Collins, TA Clegg, SJ More
Irish Veterinary Journal , 2008, DOI: 10.1186/2046-0481-61-12-809
Abstract: Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), caused by bovine herpes virus 1 (BoHV-1), may result in various clinical consequences, including severe respiratory disease, venereal disease with reduced reproductive performance and abortion. Like other herpes viruses, BoHV-1 also results in lifelong latent infections. The virus may be spread within cattle populations via contact, aerosol, fomites and via infected semen, ova or embryos [16].There are substantial economic consequences associated with respiratory disease as a result of BoHV-1 [9]. In addition, BoHV-1-free status is an important issue in the international trade of live animals and some animal products. As an international standard, all semen used in artificial insemination must be sourced from BoHV-1 seronegative bulls [10]. Furthermore, BoHV-1 has been eradicated from a number of countries within Europe (including Austria, Denmark, Finland, several Italian provinces, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland) [1]. In some other countries (France, Germany, the Netherlands), eradication programmes are in place [1]. Eradication strategies have been based on a foundation of improved herd and regional bio-security, in conjunction with a test and slaughter policy [11]. BoHV-1 status has emerged as a barrier to within-community trade, with EU directives 64/432, 88/407 and 93/60 [3-5] allowing member states to stipulate requirements to be met for the importation of cattle, semen and embryos [17]. In some countries where infection is endemic, the use of marker vaccination (gene deleted vaccines) has been introduced to reduce herd prevalence, whilst still allowing the differentiation between wild virus exposure and vaccination. In Ireland, only the use of marker vaccines is permitted, but there is currently no national BoHV-1 control programme in place.In early 2007, an outbreak of clinical IBR occurred at a beef bull performance testing station in Ireland. At this performance testing station, the best beef bulls would be identif
Survival and dispersal of a defined cohort of Irish cattle
S Ashe, SJ More, J O'Keeffe, P White, G McGrath, I Aznar
Irish Veterinary Journal , 2009, DOI: 10.1186/2046-0481-62-1-44
Abstract: The movement of animals is often implicated in the spread of disease; for example, foot-and-mouth disease [1,5], scrapie [10] in Great Britain and Johne's disease in the Netherlands [22]. Logically, effective disease prevention, control and prediction depend in part on a sound understanding of movements in relevant animal populations. For a range of diseases, studies have been conducted to define the importance of animal movement and the potential of movement in disease transmission [19,18,9,16,21,20]. Modelling studies have also been conducted to quantify the role of animal movement in disease spread [19,14,12,13,3,6,10,11] Such is the importance of disease transmission due to animal movements, new methodologies have been adapted from other areas of science, such as network analysis, in a further attempt to describe and predict disease spread [21,4,7].To-date, no studies have been conducted to quantify the dispersal, movement and survival of Irish cattle. As a result, there is no knowledge on the potential for disease transmission as a result of these movements. The objectives of this study were to describe the movement of cattle born in Co. Kerry in 2000 in terms of dispersal, distance travelled and frequency of moves, as well as the survival of this cohort over a four-year period.There are approximately seven million cattle in the Republic of Ireland, including 2.2 million Friesian cows. The latter animals are used in the production of dairy products, the remainder are beef breeds producing beef for export and local consumption. The dairy herd produces five billion litres of milk per year. Counties Cork, Tipperary, Limerick and Kerry hold the largest numbers of dairy cattle, whereas counties Cork, Galway, Tipperary and Mayo have the largest numbers of beef cattle. Approximately 150,000 live cattle are exported from Ireland each year, the majority of which are beef animals. Each year, 1.6 million beef carcases are exported and 106,000 are slaughtered for domestic
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